Mempelajari Pancasila lebih dalammenjadikan kita sadar sebagai bangsa Indonesia yang memiliki jati diri danharus diwujudkan dalam pergaulan hidup sehari-hari untuk menunjukkan identitasbangsa yang lebih bermartabat dan berbudaya tinggi. Untuk itulah diharapkandapat menjelaskan Pancasila sebagai dasar negara dan ideologi negara,menguraikan nilai-nilai Pancasila sebagai dasar negara dan ideologinegara, menunjukkan sikap positif terhadap Pancasila dalamkehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, serta menampilkan sikap positifterhadap Pancasila dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Pengetahuan yangdiperoleh dalam makalah ini juga dapat dijadikan bekal keterampilanmenganalisis dan bersikap kritis terhadap sikap para penyelenggara negara yangmenyimpang dari cita-cita dan tujuan negara. Ideologi secara struktural. Ideologisecara fungsional diartikan seperangkat gagasan tentang kebaikan bersama atautentang masyarakat dan negara yang dianggap paling baik. Ideologi secarafungsional ini digolongkan menjadi dua tipe, yaitu Ideologi yang doktriner danIdeologi yang pragmatis.
Ideologi yang doktriner bilamana ajaran-ajaran yangterkandung di dalam Ideologi itu dirumuskan secara sistematis, danpelaksanaannya diawasi secara ketat oleh aparat partai atau aparat pemerintah.Sebagai contohnya adalah komunisme. Sedangkan Ideologi yang pragmatis, apabilaajaran-ajaran yang terkandung di dalam Ideologi tersebut tidak dirumuskansecara sistematis dan terinci, namun dirumuskan secara umum hanyaprinsip-prinsipnya, dan Ideologi itu disosialisasikan secara fungsional melaluikehidupan keluarga, sistem pendidikan, system ekonomi, kehidupan agama dansistem politik. Nilai-nilai Pancasila sebagai dasarnegara menjadikan setiap tingkah laku dan setiap pengambilan keputusan parapenyelenggara negara dan pelaksana pemerintahan harus selalu berpedoman padaPancasila, dan tetap memelihara budi pekerti kemanusiaan yang luhur sertamemegang teguh cita-cita moral bangsa. Pancasila sebagai sumber nilaimenunjukkan identitas bangsa Indonesia yang memiliki nilai-nilai kemanusiaanyang luhur, hal ini menandakan bahwa dengan Pancasila bangsa Indonesia menolaksegala bentuk penindasan, penjajahan dari satu bangsa terhadap bangsa yanglain. Bangsa Indonesia menolak segala bentuk kekerasan dari manusia satuterhadap manusia lainnya, dikarenakan Pancasila sebagai sumber nilai merupakancita-cita moral luhur yang meliputi suasana kejiwaan dan watak dari bangsaIndonesia.
Nilai-nilai Pancasila sebagai sumberacuan dalam menyusun etika kehidupan berbangsa bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia,maka Pancasila juga sebagai paradigm pembangunan, maksudnya sebagai kerangkapikir, sumber nilai, orientasi dasar, sumber asas serta arah dan tujuan darisuatu perkembangan perubahan serta proses dalam suatu bidang tertentu.Pancasila sebagai paradigma pembangunan mempunyai arti bahwa Pancasila sebagaisumber nilai, sebagai dasar, arah dan tujuan dari proses pembangunan. Untuk itusegala aspek dalam pembangunan nasional harus mendasarkan pada hakikatnilai-nilai sila-sila Pancasila dengan mewujudkan peningkatan harkat danmartabat manusia secara konsisten berdasarkan pada nilai-nilai hakikat kodratmanusia. Di bidang Hukum demikian halnya.Pancasila sebagai paradigma pembangunan hukum ditunjukkan dalam setiapperumusan peraturan perundang-undangan nasional yang harus selalu memperhatikandan menampung aspirasi rakyat. Hukum atau peraturan perundang-undangan yangdibentuk haruslah merupakan cerminan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan, kerakyatan dankeadilan. Nilai-nilai Pancasila menjadi landasan dalam pembentukan hukum yangaspiratif. Pancasila menjadi sumber nilai dan sumber norma bagi pembangunanhukum.
Pancasila sebagai ideologi memiliki karakter utama sebagai ideologi nasional. Pancasila adalah ideologi kebangsaan karena ia digali dan. PANCASILA SEBAGAI IDEOLOGI NASIONAL Makalah ini dibuat sebagai bahan referensi dan Informasi. Disusun Ulang Oleh: Rawayans.blogspot.com. BLOG MAKALAH DAN ARTIKEL. KATA PENGANTAR. Puji syukur saya panjatkan kepada Allah SWT, sehingga makalah ini dapat tersusun hingga selesai.
Dalam pembaharuan hukum, Pancasila sebagai cita-cita hukum yangberkedudukan sebagai peraturan yang paling mendasar ( Staatsfundamentalnorm)di Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia. Pancasila menjadi sumber dari tertibhukum di Indonesia. Pancasila menentukan isi dan bentuk peraturan perundang-undangandi Indonesia yang tersusun secara hierarkhis. Pancasila sebagai sumber hukumdasar nasional. Di bidang Sosial Budaya, Pancasilamerupakan sumber normatif dalam pengembangan aspek social budaya yangmendasarkan pada nilai-nilai kemanusiaan, nilai Ketuhanan dan nilaikeberadaban.
Pembangunan di bidang sosial budaya senantiasa mendasarkan padanilai yang bersumber pada harkat dan martabat manusia sebagai makhluk yangberadab. Pembangunan bidang sosial budaya menghindarkan segala tindakan yangtidak beradab, dan tidak manusiawi, sehingga dalam proses pembangunan haruslahselalu mengangkat nilai-nilai yang dimiliki bangsa Indonesia sendiri sebagainilai dasar yaitu nilai-nilai Pancasila. Dalam pembangunan sosial budayaperlu ditumbuhkembangkan kembali budaya malu, yaitu malu berbuat kesalahan dansemua yang bertentangan dengan moral agama dan nilai-nilai luhur budaya bangsa.Disamping itu perlu ditumbuhkembangkan budaya keteladanan yang diwujudkan dalamperilaku para pemimpin baik formal maupun informal pada setiap lapisanmasyarakat. Hal ini akan memberikan kesadaran bahwa bangsa Indonesia adalahbangsa yang berbudaya tinggi, sehingga dapat menggugah hati setiap manusiaIndonesia untuk mampu melakukan adaptasi, interaksi dengan bangsa lain, danmampu melakukan tindakan proaktif sejalan dengan tuntutan globalisasi denganpenghayatan dan pengamalan agama yang benar serta melakukan kreativitas budayayang lebih baik. Nilai-nilai Pancasila yangterkandung di dalamnya merupakan nilai-nilai Ketuhanan, Kemanusiaan, Persatuan,Kerakyatan, dan Keadilan. Nilai-nilai ini yang merupakan nilai dasar bagikehidupan kenegaraan, kebangsaan dan kemasyarakatan.
Nilai-nilai Pancasilatergolong nilai kerokhanian yang didalamnya terkandung nilai-nilai lainnyasecara lengkap dan harmonis, baik nilai material, nilai vital, nilai kebenaran (kenyataan),nilai estetis, nilai etis maupun nilai religius. Nilai-nilai Pancasila sebagaiideologi bersifat objektif dan subjektif, artinya hakikat nilai-nilaiPancasila adalah bersifat universal (berlaku dimanapun), sehingga dimungkinkandapat diterapkan pada negara lain. Jadi kalau ada suatu negara lain menggunakanprinsip falsafah, bahwa negara berKetuhanan, berKemanusiaan, berPersatuan,berKerakyatan, dan berKeadilan, maka Negara tersebut pada hakikatnyamenggunakan dasar filsafat dari nilai-nilai Pancasila.
Keempat adalah bahwa kehidupan kitadalam kemasyarakatan dan bernegara berdasarkan atas sistem demokrasi. Demokrasiyang dianut adalah demokrasi Pancasila. Hal ini sesuai dengan sila keempat yaitu kerakyatan yang dipimpin oleh hikmat kebijaksanaan dalampermusyawaratan atau perwakilan. Dalam rangka pelaksanaan demokrasi kitamementingkan akan musyawarah. Musyawarah tidak didasarkan atas kekuasaanmayoritas maupun minoritas.
Keputusan Apakah Bangsa Indonesia sekarang inisudah menerapkan Pancasila dengan murni dan konsekwen dihasilkan olehmusyawarah itu sendiri. Kita menolak demokrasi liberal.
Karakteristik ideology Pancasilamerupakan ciri khas yang membedakannya dengan ideologi yang lain. Karakteristiktersebut yang pertama adalah Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang berarti pengakuan bangsaIndonesia akan eksistensi Tuhan sebagai pencipta dunia dengan segala isinya.Kedua adalah penghargaan kepada sesama umat manusia apapun suku bangsa danbahasanya sesuai dengan Kemanusiaan yang Adil dan Beradab, ketiga adalah bangsaIndonesia menjunjung tinggi persatuan bangsa, keempat adalah bahwa kehidupankita dalam kemasyarakatan dan bernegara berdasarkan atas sistem demokrasiPancasila sesuai dengan sila ke empat yaitu kerakyatan yang dipimpin olehhikmat kebijaksanaan dalam permusyawaratan/perwakilan. Kelima adalah KeadilanSosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. As we will see on this page, verbs are classified in many ways. First, some verbs require an to complete their meaning: 'She gave ?' She gave money to the church. These verbs are called transitive.
Verbs that are intransitive do not require objects: 'The building collapsed.' In English, you cannot tell the difference between a transitive andintransitive verb by its form; you have to see how the verb isfunctioning within the sentence. In fact, a verb can be both transitiveand intransitive: 'The monster collapsed the building by sitting on it.' Although you will seldom hear the term, a ditransitive verb — such as cause or give — is one that can take a direct object and an indirect object at the same time: 'That horrid music gave me a headache.' Ditransitive verbs are slightly different, then, from (see below), in that the latter take two objects.Verbs are also classified as either finite or non-finite. A finite verb makes an assertion or expresses a state of being and can stand by itself as the main verb of a sentence.
The truck demolished the restaurant. The leaves were yellow and sickly. Another, more useful term for non-finite verb is verbal. In this section, we discuss various verbal forms: infinitives, gerunds, and participles.For WebCT UsersThe '-s' Problem Icon means that the verb requires an -s ending because it's a third-person (he/she/it) verb in the present tense. See the for help in identifying present tenses requiring the -s.The '-ed' Problem Icon probably means that the verb requires an -ed ending because it's in the past tense or that an -ed ending has been used inappropriately.
The -ed ending is particularly problematic when it occurs just before a 'd' or 't' sound as in 'We are use d to doing things the way we're suppose d to: like in the old-fashion ed days.' See the for help in identifying past tenses requiring the -ed.The 'Verb' Problem Icon probably means that the verb tenses in this sentence are inconsistent or incorrect. See the section on for help in using the correct sequence of verb tenses. See the section on for help in maintaining a proper consistency in verb tense.Four Verb FormsThe inflections (endings) of English verb forms are not difficult toremember. There are only four basic forms.
Instead of forming complextense forms with endings, English uses auxiliary verb forms. Englishdoes not even have a proper ending for future forms; instead, we useauxiliaries such as 'I am going to read this afternoon.' Or 'I willread.' Or even 'I am reading this book tomorrow.' It would be useful,however, to learn these four basic forms of verb construction.Name of verbBase formPast formPresent participlePast participleto workI can work.I work.I worked.I am working.I have worked.to writeI can write.I write.I wrote.I am writing.I have written.Linking VerbsA linking verb connects a subject and its. Sometimes called copulas, linking verbs are often forms of the verb to be, but are sometimes verbs related to the five senses ( look, sound, smell, feel, taste) and sometimes verbs that somehow reflect a state of being ( appear, seem, become, grow, turn, prove, remain). What follows the linking verb will be either a noun complement or an adjective complement:.
Those people are all professors. Those professors are brilliant. This room smells bad. I feel great. A victory today seems unlikely.
A handful of verbs that reflect a change in state of being are sometimes called resulting copulas. They, too, link a subject to a predicate adjective:. His face turned purple. She became older. The dogs ran wild. The milk has gone sour. The crowd grew ugly.'
AFrequently Asked Question about linking verbs concerns the correctresponse when you pick up the phone and someone asks for you. Onecorrect response would be 'This is he she.' The predicate followingthe linking verb should be in the nominative (subject) form — definitelynot 'This is him.' If 'This is he' sounds stuffy to you, tryusing 'Speaking,' instead, or 'This is Fred,' substituting your own namefor Fred's — unless it's a bill collector or telemarketer calling, inwhich case 'This is Fred' is a good response for everyone except peoplenamed Fred.Active and Passive VoiceThere is now a separate section dealing with issues raised by a verb's (active/passive).MoodClick on the 'Verb Guy' to read and hear Bob Dorough's 'Verb: That's What's Happening!' (from Scholastic Rock, 1974).Schoolhouse Rock® and its characters and other elements aretrademarks and service marks of American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.
Used with permission.Mood in verbs refers to one of three attitudes that a writer or speaker has to what is being written or spoken. The indicative mood, which describes most sentences on this page, is used to make a statement or ask a question.
The imperative mood is used when we're feeling sort of bossish and want to give a directive, strong suggestion, or order:. Get your homework done before you watch television tonight. Please include cash payment with your order form. Get out of town!Notice that there is no subject in these imperative sentences. The pronoun you(singular or plural, depending on context) is the 'understood subject'in imperative sentences. Virtually all imperative sentences, then, havea second person (singular or plural) subject. The sole exception is thefirst person construction, which includes an objective form as subject:'Let's (or Let us) work on these things together.'
The subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses that do the following: 1) express a wish; 2) begin with if and express a condition that does not exist (is contrary to fact); 3) begin with as if and as though when such clauses describe a speculation or condition contrary to fact; and 4) begin with that and express a demand, requirement, request, or suggestion. Auxiliary or Helping VerbsThe issues raised by Helping or Auxiliary Verbs and Modal Auxiliaries are covered in a separate section.
Click here for help with.Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and another word or phrase, usually a.The resulting combination creates what amounts to a new verb, whosemeaning can sometimes be puzzling to non-native speakers. Phrasal verbsoften arise from casual uses of the language and eventually workthemselves into the mainstream of language use. Phrasal verbs can beboth intransitive (The children were sitting around, doing nothing. The witness finally broke down on the stand.) and transitive in meaning (Our boss called off the meeting. She looked up her old boyfriend.) The word that is joined with a verb in this construction (often a preposition) is called a particle.The problem with phrasal verbs is that their meaning is often, atfirst, obscure, and they often mean several different things. To make out, for instance, can mean to perceive or to see something; it can also mean to engage in light sexual play.
If someone chooses to turn upthe street that is a combination of a verb and a preposition, but it isnot a phrasal verb. On the other hand, if your neighbors unexpectedly turn up (appear) at a party or your brother turns up his radio, those are phrasal verbs. To come out, we are told, has eighteen different meanings.Verbs can be combined with different prepositions and other words,sometimes with dizzying effect: stand out, stand up, stand in, standoff, stand by, stand fast, stand pat, stand down, stand against, standfor.
Further, the verb and the word or phrase it connects to are notalways contiguous: 'Fill this out,' we would say, but then we would say,'Fill out this form.' You can click for an extensive list of,broken down into categories of transitive and intransitive, separableand inseparable. The list of verbs is accompanied with brief definitionsand examples.
Printed out, the list will be five or six pages long,depending on the size font you are using, the width of your browserwindow, etc. Understand, however, that the list is a mere sampling ofthe hundreds of phrasal verb combinations. For beginning languagelearners, the challenge of mastering phrasal verbs is so great that onlyintensive instruction and practice in an ESL program and a great dealof time spent listening and reading carefully can address the problem.Having a good dictionary at hand is also helpful.
Causative Verbs Causative verbs designate the action necessary to cause another action to happen. In 'The devil made me do it.'
The verb 'made' causesthe 'do' to happen. Here is a brief list of causative verbs, in noparticular order: let, help, allow, have, require, allow, motivate, get,make, convince, hire, assist, encourage, permit, employ, force. Most ofthem are followed by an object (noun or pronoun) followed by aninfinitive: 'She allows her pet cockatiel to perch on the windowsill. She hired a carpenter to build a new birdcage.' Three causative verbs are exceptions to the pattern described above.Instead of being followed by a noun/pronoun and an infinitive, thecausative verbs have, make and let are followed by a noun/pronoun and the base form of the verb (which is actually an infinitive with the 'to' left off).
Professor Villa had her students read four short novels in one week. She also made them read five plays in one week.
However, she let them skip the final exam.Factitive VerbsVerbs like make, choose, judge, elect, select, name. Are called factitive verbs. These transitive verbs can take two objects, or seem to:. They judged Philbert's dog Best of Show. (where 'dog' is the direct object and 'Best of Show' is the second complement).
Thefaculty elected Dogsbreath the new Academic Dean. (where Dogsbreath isthe direct object and 'Academic Dean' is the second complement). U.S. News and World Reportnamed our college the best in the northeast. (where 'our college' isthe direct object and 'the best' is the second complement).Tenses Tense shows the time of a verb's action or being.
There are three inflected forms reflected by changes in the endings of verbs. The present tense indicates that something is happening or being now: 'She is a student. She drives a new car.'
The simple past tense indicates that something happened in the past: 'She was a student. She drove a new car.' And the past participleform is combined with auxiliary verbs to indicate that somethinghappened in the past prior to another action: 'She has been a student.She had driven a new car.' Unlike most other languages, English does not have inflected formsfor the future tense. Instead, English future forms are created with theuse of auxiliaries: 'She will be a student.
She is going to drive a new car.' English can even create the future by using the present tense, 'The bus arrives later this afternoon,' or the present progressive, 'He is relocating to Portland later next month.' For an extensive discussion of the future tense in English, click.Progressive Verbs.
The progressive tenses, which indicate something being or happening, are formed with the present participle form (ending in -ing)along with various auxiliaries. 'She is driving. She was driving. Shewill be driving. She has been driving. She had been driving. She willhave been driving.'
Click for more on the progressive forms. Some verbs, called stative verbs, (including, sometimes, the verb to be) do not normally create the progressive. Click here for a discussion of the difference between.For help with the verb 'to be,' click the enter button below. Irregular VerbsMost verbs in English form their various tenses consistently: add -ed to the base of a verb to create the simple past and past participle: he walk ed; he has walk ed. There are, however, a number of so-called irregular verbs, (including, unfortunately, some very common verbs such as to be and to have) whose various forms must be memorized.
An alphabetized list ofis available in the Guide that you can copy or print out and then tryto memorize or at least use in practice sentences. You should take thequizzes on irregular verbs, below, after you've looked at this list.
Sequence of Tenses Sequence of Tenses: The relationship between verbs in a mainclause and verbs in dependent clauses is important. These verb tensesdon't have to be identical as long as they reflect, logically, shifts intime and meaning: 'My brother had graduated before I started college.' 'My brother will have graduated before I start.' Clickfor a chart describing various time relationships and how thoserelationships determine the appropriate sequence of verb tenses.Verbals Verbals are words that seem to carry the idea of action orbeing but do not function as a true verb. The are sometimes called'nonfinite' (unfinished or incomplete) verbs.
Because time is involvedwith all verb forms, whether finite or nonfinite, however, following alogical Tense Sequence is important. Clickfor a chart describing the time elements involved in choosing thecorrect verbal form. Verbals are frequently accompanied by other,related words in what is called a verbal phrase.There is a whole section on how verbals connect with other words to form phrases.
Be sure to visit the always pleasant.Participle: a verb form acting as an adjective. The running dog chased the fluttering moth. A present participle (like running or fluttering) describes a present condition; a past participle describes something that has happened: 'The completely rottedtooth finally fell out of his mouth.'
The distinction can be importantto the meaning of a sentence; there is a huge difference between a confusing student and a confused student. See the section on for further help on this issue.Infinitive: the root of a verb plus the word to. To sleep, perchance to dream. A present infinitive describes a present condition: 'I like to sleep.' The perfect infinitive describes a time earlier than that of the verb: 'I would like to have won that game.'
See the section on below for other forms as well.The Split InfinitiveIf there is one error in writing that your boss or history prof can and will pick up on, it's the notorious split infinitive. An infinitive is said to be 'split' when a word (often an adverb) or phrase sneaks between the toof the infinitive and the root of the verb: 'to boldly go,' being themost famous of its kind. The argument against split infinitives (basedon rather shaky historical grounds) is that the infinitive is a singleunit and, therefore, should not be divided. Because it raises so manyreaders' hackles and is so easy to spot, good writers, at least inacademic prose, avoid the split infinitive.
Instead of writing 'Sheexpected her grandparents to not stay,' then, we could write 'She expected her grandparents notto stay.' Sometimes, though, avoiding the split infinitive simply isn'tworth the bother.
There is nothing wrong, really, with a sentence suchas the following:He thinks he'll be able to more than double his salary this year.The Oxford American Desk Dictionary, whichcame out in October of 1998, says that the rule against the splitinfinitive can generally be ignored, that the rule 'is not firmlygrounded, and treating two English words as one can lead to awkward,stilted sentences.' ('To Boldly Go,' The Hartford Courant. 15 Oct1998.) Opinion among English instructors and others who feel stronglyabout the language remains divided, however. Today's dictionaries allowus to split the infinitive, but it should never be done at the expenseof grace. Students would be wise to know their instructor's feelings onthe matter, workers their boss's.Both gerunds and infinitive phrases can function as nouns, in a variety of ways. Noun uses arecovered in a separate document, a section that should be helpful tostudents who want to understand why some verbs take gerunds, others takeinfinitives, some take either. (In addition, there is a section on theuse of the infinitive as adjective complement — free at no extracharge.) Click the button to enter.Gerund: a verb form, ending in -ing, which acts as a noun.
Running in the park after dark can be dangerous. Gerunds are frequently accompanied by other associated words making up a ('running in the park after dark'). Because gerunds and gerund phrases are nouns, they can be used in any way that a noun can be used:. as subject: Being king can be dangerous for your health.
as object of the verb: He didn't particularly like being king. as object of a preposition: He wrote a book about being king.Infinitives and Gerunds and SequenceAlthough they are not, strictly speaking, verbs, infinitives andgerunds carry within them the idea of action.